Despite complicated portraits and policy orientation: struggle to articulate right to education based on the Indonesia constitutional court decisions

Made Subawa, Bagus Hermanto

Resumo


Education as a major part of life is a basic right for the development of human identity and dignity. This sector developed numerous problems in Indonesia due to the impact of the post-reform era. Therefore, this study aimed to provide citizens with the right to education based on the Constitutional Court Decisions in harmony with the constitution, human rights values, international consensus, and the development of global world civilization. Statutory and case law approaches were used to analyze, review, and articulate the right of Indonesians to education. This study aims at the dynamics of regulating education policy based on the discourse on the right in Indonesia. It also interprets the Constitutional Court Decisions which affirm human rights values, constitutional principles, upholds citizens' constitutional rights, and the orientation of the national education policy as a driving force of development in Indonesia.

Palavras-chave


Right to Education, Indonesia, Constitutional Court Decisions, Policy, Articulate

Texto completo:

PDF (English)

Referências


Aditya, Z. F., & Al-Fatih, S. (2021). “Indonesian constitutional rights: expressing and purposing opinions on the internet”. The International Journal of Human Rights, 25(9), 1395-1419.

Adlim, Helida Gusti, Zulfadli (2018). “Permasalahan dan Solusi Pendidikan di Daerah Kepulauan (Studi kasus di SMA Negeri 1 Pulau Aceh, Kabupaten Aceh Besar). Jurnal Pencerahan. 10 (1).

Afrianty, D. (2018). Agents for change: Local women’s organizations and domestic violence in Indonesia. Bijdragen tot de taal-, land-en volkenkunde/Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia, 174(1), 24-46. https://doi.org/10.1163/22134379-17401024.

Amos Neolaka dan Grace Amalia A. Neolaka (2017). Landasan Pendidikan Dasar Pengenalan Diri Sendiri Menuju Perubahan Hidup, Cetakan ke-1, Kencana, Tapos – Cimanggis, Depok, p. 2.

Anif, V., dan Dewi, G.M., 2017, Arah Politik Hukum Kebijakan Perlindungan HAM di Indonesia, Lex Scientia Law Review, 1(1), 5-18, DOI: https://doi.org/10.15294/lesrev.v1i01.19453.

Arifin, R. (2016). Human Rights Interpretation in the Dimension of Pancasila Ideology. Law Research Review Quarterly, 2(4), 641-656.

Arifin, S. (2021). Illiberal tendencies in Indonesian legislation: the case of the omnibus law on job creation. The Theory and Practice of Legislation, 9(3), 386-403.

Arifin, R. (2022). Translating the Meaning of Justice and Legal Protection: What exactly is justice? JILS (Journal of Indonesian Legal Studies), 7(1), i-iv. https://doi.org/10.15294/jils.v7i1.57881.

Article ”Kualitas Pendidikan Indonesia di UNESCO” in http://pendidikan.net/mod.

Article ”Memaksakan program Sekolah Bertaraf Internasional oleh Nugroho Khoironi” in http://nugieshare.dagdigdug/index.php/archives/170.

Article ”18 Ribu Anak Riau Putus Sekolah oleh Rudi Kurniawansyah” in http://www.mediaindonesia.com/read/2010/07/26.

Article ”12 Juta Anak Indonesia Putus Sekolah oleh Robert Manurung” in http://ayomerdeka.wordpress.com/2009/03/22/; Article ”1500 Anak Putus Sekolah di Bali oleh: Wisnu Widiantoro” in http://witart.wordpress.com/2008/09/12

Asbojrn Eide “Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights as Human Rights”, in Asbojrn Eide et al. (ed.), Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: A Textbook (Boston: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1995), p. 21, 35.

Atmaja, G. M. W., Astariyani, N. L. G., Aryani, N. M., & Hermanto, B. (2022). Hukum Kebijakan Publik. Denpasar: Swasta Nulus, p. 108-112.

Ashadi Ashadi & Suzanne Rice (2016) High stakes testing and teacher access to professional opportunities: lessons from Indonesia, Journal of Education Policy, 31:6, 727-741, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02680939.2016.1193901.

Asplund, K. (2009). Resistance to human rights in Indonesia: Asian values and beyond. Asia-Pacific Journal on Human Rights and the Law, 10(1), 27-47.

Aqimuddin, Eka An, and Atip Latipulhayat. "Legality and legitimacy of domestic court decision as a source of international law-making." Revista de Direito Internacional 20.1 (2023).

Brewis, E. (2019). Fair access to higher education and discourses of development: a policy analysis from Indonesia. Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education, 49(3), 453-470. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03057925.2018.1425132.

Brems, E. (2009). Human rights: Minimum and maximum perspectives. Human Rights Law Review, 9(3), 349-372.

Budijanto, O. W., & Rahmanto, T. Y. (2021). Pencegahan Paham Radikalisme Melalui Optimalisasi Pendidikan Hak Asasi Manusia di Indonesia. Jurnal HAM, 12(1), 57.

Bukhori Muslim, A. (2021). Disadvantaged but more resilient: the educational experiences of indigenous Baduy children of Indonesia. Diaspora, Indigenous, and Minority Education, 15(2), 99-112.

Carver, R. (2010). “A new answer to an old question: national human rights institutions and the domestication of international law”. Human Rights Law Review, 10(1), 1-32.

Colbran, N. (2015). Sense and Simplicity in Legal and Human Rights Co-Operation: A Case Study of Indonesia∙. Asian Journal of Law and Society, 2(1), 195-206. doi:10.1017/als.2015.3.

Constitutional Court Decision 011/PUU-III/2005, p. 100-102.

Constitutional Court Decision 026/PUU-III/2005, p. 80-85.

Constitutional Court Decision 026/PUU-IV/2006, p. 92-95.

Constitutional Court Decision 24/PUU-V/2007, Paragraph 3.16.1, 3.16.5, and 3.16.9.

Constitutional Court Decision 13/PUU-VI/2008, Paragraph 3.14. and 3.16.

Constitutional Court Decision 11-14-21-126 and 136/PUU-VII/2009, Paragraphs 3.33, 3.34, 3.35, 3.37, 3.41, and 3.44.

Constitutional Court Decision 58/PUU-VIII/2010, Paragraphs 3.18, 3.19.

Constitutional Court Decision 5/PUU-X/2012, Paragraphs 3.17, 3.18, 3.19, and 3.20.

Cross, F.B., 1999, The Relevance of Law in Human Rights Protection, International Review of Law and Economics, 19(1), 87-98, DOI: 10.1016/S0144-8188(98)00028-3.

Davies, M. (2014). States of compliance?: Global human rights treaties and ASEAN member states. Journal of Human Rights, 13(4), 414-433.

Diprose, R., McRae, D., & Hadiz, V. R. (2019). Two decades of reform in Indonesia: its illiberal turn. Journal of Contemporary Asia, 49(5), 691-712. https://doi.org/10.1080/00472336.2019.1637922.

DG Pascal Lamy, 2006, Humanising Globalization, WTO NEWS: SPEECHIES-DG PASCAL LAMY, Santiago de Chile, https://www.wto.org/english/news_e/sppl_e/sppl16_e.htm, p.1.

Evans, C. (2008). Religious education in public schools: An international human rights perspective. Human Rights Law Review, 8(3), 449-473. https://doi.org/10.1093/hrlr/ngn020.

Faisal, F., & Martin, S. N. (2019). Science education in Indonesia: past, present, and future. Asia Pacific Science Education, 5 (4), 1-29. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s41029-019-0032-0.

Frans Viljoen, National Legislation as a Source of Justiciable Socio-Economic Rights, ESR Review, Vol.6 Iss. 3 September 2005, p. 9.

Fons Coomans, 'The Core Content of the Right to Education', in Brand dan Russel (ed.), Exploring the Core Content of Socio-Economic Rights: South African and International Perspectives, (Pretoria: Protea Book House, 2002), p. 160.

Ford, M., “International Networks and Human Rights in Indonesia”, in Davis, T.W.D. dan Galligan, B. (eds.), 2011, Human Rights in Asia, 38-55, Edward Elgar Publishing, Cheltenham.

Fitzsimons, E. (2007). The effects of risk on education in Indonesia. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 56(1), 1-25.

Friedman, Thomas L, 2008, The Dell Theory of Conflict Prevention, Emerging: A Reader. Ed. Barclay Barrios. Boston: Bedford, St. Martins, p. 49.

Grijns, M., & Horii, H. (2018). Child marriage in a village in West Java (Indonesia): Compromises between legal obligations and religious concerns. Asian Journal of Law and Society, 5(2), 453-466. doi:10.1017/als.2018.9.

Hadiprayitno, I.I., 2010, Defensive Enforcement: Human Rights in Indonesia, Human Rights Review, 11(3), 373-399, DOI: 10.1007/s12142-009-0143-1.

Hafner-Burton, E. M., & Tsutsui, K. (2005). Human rights in a globalizing world: The paradox of empty promises. American journal of sociology, 110(5), 1373-1411.

Herawati, A. V., & Ermakov, D. S. (2022). Human rights education in Indonesian higher education institutions: Opinions of students and teachers. Cakrawala Pendidikan: Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan, 41(2), 541-552.

Hermanto, B., & Yusa, I. G. (2018). Children Rights and the Age Limit: The Ruling of The Indonesian Constitutional Court. Kertha Patrika, 40(2), 61-70.

Hermanto, B., & Mas Aryani, N. (2021). Omnibus legislation as a tool of legislative reform by developing countries: Indonesia, Turkey, and Serbia practice. The Theory and Practice of Legislation, 9(3), 425-450.

Hermanto, B. (2023). Deliberate legislative reforms to improve the legislation quality in developing countries: case of Indonesia. The Theory and Practice of Legislation, 11(1), 1-31. https://doi.org/10.1080/20508840.2022.2080392.

Hosen, N. (2007). Human Rights Provisions in the Second Amendment to the Indonesian Constitution from Shar?‘ah Perspective. The Muslim World, 97(2), 200-224.

IMF Team, 2000, ‘Globalization: Threats or Opportunity.’ 12th April 2000, IMF Publications. http:/ / www. imf. org/ external/ np/ exr/ ib/ 2000/ 041200. htm

Ichsan Yasin Limpo (2018). Politik Hukum Pendidikan Dasar dalam Sistem Pendidikan nasional, Cetakan 1, Merdeka Book PT Semesta Merdeka Utama, Jakarta, p. 129.

Indrasti, M., & Jalil, F. (2019). The Rule of Law for the Right to Inclusive Education in Indonesia. Padjadjaran Journal of Law, 6(3), 594-618.

Jackson, E., & Bahrissalim. (2007). Crafting a new democracy: Civic education in Indonesian Islamic universities. Asia Pacific Journal of Education, 27(1), 41-54.

Jančíková, Eva, and Janka Pasztorova. "Promoting eu values in international agreements." Juridical Tribune Journal= Tribuna Juridica 11.2 (2021): 203-218.

Juwana, H. (2006). 12 Human rights in Indonesia. In Human Rights in Asia (pp. 364-383). Routledge.

Kapur, R. (2006). Human rights in the 21st century: take a walk on the dark side. Sydney Law Review, 28(4), 665-687.

Kurniawati, S., Suryadarma, D., Bima, L., & Yusrina, A. (2018). Education in Indonesia: A white elephant?. Journal of Southeast Asian Economies, 35(2), 185-199.

Kristiansen, S. (2006). Decentralising education in Indonesia. International journal of educational development, 26(5), 513-531.

Levana Safira, Sonny Dewi Judiasih, Betty Rubiati, Deviana Yuanitasari. (29 March 2019). “Aspek Hukum Wajib Belajar Sebagai Upaya Penghapusan Praktik Perkawinan Bawah Umur”. Jurnal Bina Mulia Hukum. Volume 3 (2), p. 164.

Limpo, I. Y., Bachri, S., Ilmar, A., & Patittingi, F. (2018). Potret of Basic Education in Indonesia. JL Pol'y & Globalization, 69, 89.

M. Sukardjo dan Ukim Komarudin, 2009, Landasan Pendidikan Konsep dan Aplikasinya, RajaGrafindo Persada, Jakarta, p. 14.

Madung, O. G., & Mere, W. S. (2021). Constructing Modern Indonesia Based on Pancasila in Dialogue with the Political Concepts Underlying the Idea of Human Rights. JSEAHR, 5, 1.

Manan, M. (2015). The Implementation of the Right to Education in Indonesia. Indonesia Law Review, 5(1), 4.

Manfred Nowak, ‘The Right to Education’, in Asborjn Eide, et.al., (ed.), Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: A Textbook, (Boston: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1995), pp. 189-190.

Morten Broberg & Hans-Otto Sano, 2018, “Strengths and weaknesses in a human rights-based approach to international development – an analysis of a rights-based approach to development assistance based on practical experiences”, The International Journal of Human Rights, 22(5), 664-680, DOI: 10.1080/13642987.2017.1408591.

MULYADI, Asal Wahyuni Erlin. Policy of Inclusive Education for Education for All in Indonesia. Policy & Governance Review, [S.l.], v. 1, n. 3, p. 201-212, sep. 2017. doi: https://doi.org/10.30589/pgr.v1i3.57.

Mercer, J. A. (2016). “We Teach Our Children to See a Human Being”: Women Transforming Religious Conflict in Indonesia. International Journal of Practical Theology, 20(2), 261-281.

Mutaqin, Z. Z. (2017). The Strong State And Pancasila: Reflecting Human Rights in the Indonesian Democracy. Constitutional Review, 2(2), 159-188.

M.H. Syed, Human Rights; the Global Perspective (New Delhi: Reference Press, 2003), p. 308.

Nomura, K. (2009). A perspective on education for sustainable development: Historical development of environmental education in Indonesia. International Journal of Educational Development, 29(6), 621-627.

O'Connell, P. (2007). On reconciling irreconcilables: Neo-liberal globalization and human rights. Human Rights Law Review, 7(3), 483-509.

Oomen, B., & Baumgärtel, M. (2018). Frontier cities: The rise of local authorities as an opportunity for international human rights law. European Journal of International Law, 29(2), 607-630.

Parker, L. (2014). Religious education for peaceful coexistence in Indonesia?. South East Asia Research, 22(4), 487-504.

Pam Nilan (2009) The ‘spirit of education’ in Indonesian Pesantren, British Journal of Sociology of Education, 30:2, 219-232, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01425690802700321.

Peter Van Den Bossche, 2008, The Law and Policy of the World Trade Organization, Cambridge University Press, USA, p. 3, 13-14.

Pohl, F. (2006). Islamic education and civil society: Reflections on the pesantren tradition in contemporary Indonesia. Comparative Education Review, 50(3), 389-409.

Pratiwi, C. S. (2020). Bridging the Gap Between Cultural Relativism and Universality of Human Rights: Indonesia Attitudes. JILS (Journal of Indonesian Legal Studies), 5(2), 449-478.

Prihatinah, T. L. (2021). Legal Analysis on Interlink between International and National Instruments Towards Woman Rights in Indonesia. Indonesian Journal of International Law, 8(4), 9.

Rapatsa, Mashele. "South Africa’s transformative Constitution: from civil and political rights doctrines to socio-economic rights promises." Tribuna Juridică 5.10 (2015): 208-219.

Rhona K.M. Smith, Textbook on International Human Rights (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), p. 311.

Rosser, A. (2013). Towards a political economy of human rights violations in post-New Order Indonesia. Journal of Contemporary Asia, 43(2), 243-256. https://doi.org/10.1080/00472336.2012.757436.

Rosser, A. (2015). Law and the realisation of human rights: Insights from Indonesia’s education sector. Asian Studies Review, 39(2), 194-212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10357823.2015.1025462.

Rul/Aan (Saturday, 23 July 2011, 03:16 pm). “15 Kasus Diskriminasi Pendidikan terhadap Anak di Sumut”. http://news.detik.com/berita/1687827/15-kasus-diskriminasi-pendidikan-terhadap-anak-di-sumut.

Sean Molloy (2021) “Why do states ratify human rights treaties in transitioning societies?”, The International Journal of Human Rights, 25(8), 1328-1355, DOI: 10.1080/13642987.2020.1823370.

Sibonile Khoza (ed), Socio Economic Rights in South Africa (South Africa: The Socio-Economic Rights Project University of Western Cape, second edition, 2006), p. 412.

Sihotang, A. P., Yulistyowati, E., & Natalis, A. (2021). Fulfillment of the right to equitable education for members of believers of mystical groups in Indonesia. Journal of Legal, Ethical and Regulatory Issues, 24(5), 1-13.

Shaturaev, J. (2021). ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ В ИНДОНЕЗИИ: ФИНАНСИРОВАНИЕ, ПРОБЛЕМЫ КАЧЕСТВА И УЧЕБНЫХ РЕЗУЛЬТАТОВ НАЧАЛЬНОГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ. Архив научных исследований, 1(45).

Shaturaev, J. (2022). FINANCING PUBLIC EDUCATION IN INDONESIA. Архив научных исследований, 2(1).

Siems, Mathias M. “Legal Originality” Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 28, no. 2 (2008): 148-152, 156-161, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1098/ojls/gqm024.

Siems, Mathias M. “The Taxonomy of Interdisciplinary Legal Research: Finding the Way Out of the Desert” Journal of Commonwealth Law and Legal Education 7, Iss. 1 (2009): 6–8, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14760400903195090.

Skora, Agnieszka, Mária Srebalová, and Ingrida Papáčová. "Administrative judiciary is looking for a balance in a crisis." Juridical Tribune/Tribuna Juridica 12.1 (2022).

Spano, R. (2014). Universality or diversity of human rights? Strasbourg in the age of subsidiarity. Human Rights Law Review, 14(3), 487-502.

Suartha, I. D. M., Martha, I. D. A. G. M., & Hermanto, B. (2022). Between Mental Illness, Criminal Policy Reform, and Human Rights: Discourse on Reformulation of The Article 44 Indonesia Criminal Code. International Journal of Criminal Justice Sciences, 17(1), 1-21.

Subawa, Made. Implikasi Yuridis Pengalihan Kekuasaan Membentuk Undang-Undang Terhadap Sistem Ketatanegaraan Republik Indonesia Pasca Perubahan Undang-Undang Dasar 1945. Diss. UNIVERSITAS AIRLANGGA, 2003.

Subawa, I. Made. "Hak Asasi Manusia Bidang Ekonomi Sosial Dan Budaya Menurut Perubahan UUD 1945." Kertha Patrika 33.1 (2008): 1-7.

Subawa, Made, et al. "The Arrangement on Preventive and Evaluative Mechanism towards Regulatory and Statutory Laws Quality Improvement in Indonesia." Paper was presented at the Conference on Socio-Legal and Humanities Research. 2022.

Susanti, D. (2011). Privatisation and marketisation of higher education in Indonesia: the challenge for equal access and academic values. Higher Education, 61(2), 209-218. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-010-9333-7.

Syamsul Haling, Paisal Halim, Syamsiah Badruddin, Hardianto Djanggih (2018). “Perlindungan Hak Asasi Anak Jalanan dalam Bidang Pendidikan Menurut Hukum Nasional dan Konvensi Internasional.” Jurnal Hukum & Pembangunan. 48 (2).

Tatang Muttaqin. (2018). Determinants of Unequal Access to and Quality of Education in Indonesia. Jurnal Perencanaan Pembangunan: The Indonesian Journal of Development Planning, 2(1), 1-23. https://doi.org/10.36574/jpp.v2i1.27

Tomaševski, Katarina, (2005). Has the right to education a future within the United Nations? A behind-the-scenes account by the Special Rapporteur on the Right to Education 1998–2004. Human rights law review, 5(2), 205-237.

Tomaševski, Katarina. Pendidikan Berbasis Hak Asasi: Penyederhanaan Persyaratan Hak Asasi Manusia Global. Proyek Kerja Sama antara Pelapor Khusus Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa (PBB) tentang Hak atas Pendidikan dan Biro Pendidikan Wilayah Asia Pasifik UNESCO. Bangkok: Biro Pendidikan Wilayah Asia Pasifik UNESCO, p. 8, 9.

Ulum, M. B., & Wildana, D. T. (2019). Promoting the Right to Education through A Card: A Paradox of Indonesia’s Educational Policy?. Journal of Indonesian Legal Studies, 4(1), 143.

United Nations 2004, Globalization and the State: Challenges for Economic Growth and Human Development, ST/ESA/PAD/SER.E/80, Yew York, 2004, p. 3.

UNESCO 2017, Globalisation, http://www.unesco.org/new/en/social-and-human-sciences/themes/international-migration/glossary/globalisation/, accessed on 7 April 2017.

Wibisana, Andri Gunawan, “Menulis di Jurnal Hukum: Ide, Struktur, dan Gaya’” Jurnal Hukum dan Pembangunan 49, no. 3 (2019): 476-477, DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.21143/jhp.vol49.no2.2014.

Yusa, I. G. dkk. 2016. Hukum Tata Negara Pasca Perubahan UUD NRI 1945 (Setara Press: Malang).

Yusa, I. G., Hermanto, B., & Aryani, N. M. (2020). No-spouse employment and the problem of the constitutional court of Indonesia. J. Advanced Res. L. & Econ., 11, 214-226. https://doi.org/10.14505//jarle.v11.1(47).26.




DOI: https://doi.org/10.5102/rdi.v20i2.9251

ISSN 2236-997X (impresso) - ISSN 2237-1036 (on-line)

Desenvolvido por:

Logomarca da Lepidus Tecnologia